Pattern study · sanctions laundering

Russian-origin barrels via AZ/KZ refinery routing. The pattern Treasury has flagged five times running.

A broker claims to source 'legal Russian oil' via Azerbaijani or Kazakh refineries, citing a 'temporary US renewable waiver' or 'Treasury safe harbor' that does not exist. The paper claims neutral origin; the barrels were lifted at Novorossiysk or Primorsk three weeks earlier. The pattern is the exact mechanism OFAC's Russian Harmful Foreign Activities Sanctions Regulations + the G7 price cap target. Banks that finance these deals get on the OFAC SDN list.

Patternorigin-launder via AZ/KZ refinery
Regulator concernOFAC Directive 4 · OFSI · G7 price cap
SeverityConfirmed · sanctions exposureStatus: blocked

A broker pitches Russian-origin product (typically crude or fuel oil) routed through an Azerbaijani SOCAR refinery or a Kazakh KazMunayGas refinery, claiming the routing makes the barrels “non-Russian origin” for sanctions purposes. It does not. OFAC, OFSI, and EU sanctions guidance all treat origin-laundering through a non-sanctioned refinery as the same prohibited transaction if the underlying barrels originated in Russia. The G7 price cap explicitly addresses this routing. Banks that finance these cargoes face SDN listing. Three signals catch the pattern reliably.

How the routing story collapses, in order

  1. Step 1The pitch: 'legal Russian oil' via AZ/KZ refinery routing

    Russian-origin crude or fuel oil routed through an Azerbaijani SOCAR refinery or a Kazakh KazMunayGas refinery, citing a 'temporary US renewable waiver' or 'Treasury safe harbor.'

  2. Step 2The cited waiver cannot be produced

    OFAC has issued no US-renewable-energy carve-out for Russian-origin barrels. OFSI has issued no UK price-cap exemption for re-refined Russian product. Ask for the published General License number. There isn't one.

  3. Step 3AIS collapses the origin claim

    A barrel that loaded at Novorossiysk or Primorsk on the 1st and is pitched as Kazakh refinery output on the 22nd underwent a port-to-port transit, not refining. The bill-of-lading sequence breaks the story.

  4. Step 4No surveyor witnesses the cargo

    Real AZ/KZ refinery output ships with SGS, Intertek, or Bureau Veritas pre-shipment certificates documenting the loading terminal, batch number, and surveyor name. Laundered cargoes carry copy-paste certificates with the surveyor field blank.

  5. Step 5Published guidance treats the routing as the same prohibited transaction

    OFAC Directive 4 under EO 14024, the G7 price cap (Regulation 833/2014, Commission guidance February 2023), and the EU Commission Notice of October 2023 all hold that third-country re-refining does not transform Russian origin. Banks that finance these cargoes face SDN listing.

What gives the pattern away

01

A 'temporary waiver' or 'safe harbor' that doesn't exist

OFAC has not issued any US-renewable-energy carve-out for Russian-origin barrels. OFSI has not issued any UK price-cap exemption for re-refined Russian product. If a counterparty cites either, ask for the published General License number. There isn't one.

02

Loadings at Novorossiysk or Primorsk three weeks before 'refinery output'

AIS tracking is public. A barrel that loaded in Novorossiysk on the 1st and is being pitched as Kazakh refinery output on the 22nd hasn't undergone any meaningful refining process, just a port-to-port transit. The transaction sequence in the bill of lading collapses the claim.

03

AZ/KZ refinery routing claims with no surveyor witness

Real Azerbaijani or Kazakh refinery output ships with SGS, Intertek, or Bureau Veritas pre-shipment inspection certificates that document the loading terminal, batch number, and surveyor name. Laundered cargoes carry copy-paste certificates with the surveyor field blank.

The regulatory references your counterparty cannot cite

  • OFAC Directive 4 under Executive Order 14024 prohibits US persons from engaging in transactions with the Central Bank of Russia. Refined products derived from CBR-financed Russian crude inherit the sanctions exposure, there is no neutralization through intermediate refining.
  • G7 price cap (Regulation No 833/2014, as amended) on Russian-origin crude and petroleum products is explicit: re-refining or blending Russian-origin barrels in a third-country refinery does NOT transform the origin status for price-cap purposes. The Commission published this guidance in February 2023; it has been reaffirmed every six months since.
  • OFSI General Guidance on the Russia (Sanctions) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 tracks the same logic. UK persons facilitating origin-laundering face civil monetary penalties + potential criminal referral.
  • EU Commission Notice on the implementation of the Russian oil price cap (October 2023) explicitly addresses AZ/KZ refinery routing as a known evasion pattern subject to enforcement.

The point is not that your compliance officer needs to memorize this, the point is that none of the cited “waivers” or “safe harbors” a broker mentions can be substantiated against the actual published guidance. Ask for the regulation number. They cannot produce one.

The same pattern, surfaced via /api/v1/regulatory/check

The tradability rule inside the Counterparty Screen reads the same published regulatory matrix and returns the sanctions posture we hold for Russian-origin product. It is the leg that flags the SOCAR or KazMunayGas routing claim before the LC opens. Direct access to the endpoint is scoped on a call, with no list price: /apply.

curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $KEY" \
  "https://oilflow.us/api/v1/regulatory/check?product=crude&country=Russia"

{
  "ok": true,
  "data": {
    "country": "Russia",
    "product": "crude",
    "listing_type": "demand",
    "allowed": false,
    "blockers": [
      {
        "country": "Russia",
        "product": "crude",
        "reason": "COMPREHENSIVE WESTERN SANCTIONS BLOCK ALL RUSSIAN-ORIGIN
                   CRUDE FOR EU / UK / US / CH / AU / CA / JP counterparties.
                   EU Council Regulation 833/2014 as amended bans import of
                   Russian-origin crude oil into the EU. G7 Oil Price Cap
                   Coalition prohibits Western maritime services for
                   Russian-origin crude sold above the price cap. OFAC SDN
                   designations cover Rosneft affiliates, Lukoil subsidiaries,
                   Sovcomflot vessels and shadow-fleet operators. UK OFSI
                   maintains parallel regime."
      }
    ]
  }
}

GET /api/v1/regulatory/check · the Russian-origin crude posture, as the live endpoint returns it. The reason string is wrapped here for width; the endpoint returns it on one line.

Catch this at intake

Sanctions-laundering exposure is a board-level risk.

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Counterparty Screen$95

One name, delivered within the hour, marked DRAFT for review by independent legal counsel, no human read. PEP is not screened; adverse media is not swept.

Counterparty File$500

One named counterparty, the Screen's steps plus a named human's written read and signature, in your inbox by the end of the third business day or the fee is refunded in full.

Email [email protected] with the product and the counterparty name in the subject. An invoice comes back by reply. Both are prepaid by invoice or marketplace order; there is no card checkout.